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Feb 1, 2026

How Often Should You Microneedle?

How often should you microneedle for real results? This evidence-based guide explains safe treatment frequency, healing timelines, risks of over-treatment, and what clinical studies actually support for long-term skin improvement backed by medical research.

How Often Should You Microneedle

If you've been wondering how often should you microneedle for real, lasting results, you're asking exactly the right question. Microneedling frequency isn't just a minor detail - it's actually more critical to your outcomes than needle depth alone. The truth is, your skin needs adequate time for post-treatment care and proper microneedling aftercare between sessions, or you risk doing more harm than good.

Here's what most people don't realize: microneedling works through controlled injury to your skin. When you create those microscopic channels, you're triggering a carefully orchestrated wound-healing cascade involving inflammation, tissue proliferation, and collagen remodeling. This biological process operates on a fixed timeline that cannot be rushed. Treating your skin again before it's fully recovered doesn't accelerate results - it actually impairs them.

Every recommendation in this guide comes directly from peer-reviewed clinical studies and medical literature. We're not here to sell you on aggressive treatment schedules or make unrealistic promises. Instead, we'll help you understand exactly what the science says about safe, effective microneedling frequency for different depths, treatment areas, and skin concerns.

Don't guess your recovery. Download FREE Clinical Microneedling Protocol Here


What Is Microneedling and How Does It Work?

Microneedling, formally known as percutaneous collagen induction therapy, uses fine needles to create controlled micro-injuries in your skin. These aren't random punctures - they're strategically placed channels that trigger your body's natural healing mechanisms.

Here's what happens beneath the surface:

The Biological Cascade

  • Microchannels trigger controlled inflammation within the dermis

  • Growth factors like platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are released

  • Fibroblasts become activated and begin producing new collagen and elastin

  • Tissue remodeling continues for weeks to months after treatment

The healing process occurs in three distinct phases: the inflammatory phase (days 1-3), the proliferative phase (days 3-14), and the remodeling phase (weeks 2-12+). Understanding these phases is crucial because it explains why frequency matters so much - you need to allow complete progression through all three phases before re-treating the same area.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

What Conditions Does Microneedling Treat - and What It Does Not

Evidence-Supported Indications: 

✅ Acne scars (atrophic scarring)
✅ Photoaging and fine lines
✅ Skin texture irregularities
✅ Striae distensae (stretch marks)

Limited or Insufficient Evidence: 

❌ Melasma (high recurrence rates)
❌ Hair regrowth without adjunct therapies
❌ Permanent pore size reduction

Clinical studies consistently demonstrate improvements in acne scarring and photoaging, with patients showing measurable increases in collagen density and dermal thickness. However, microneedling is not a universal solution, and setting realistic expectations is essential for satisfaction with outcomes.

Sources: Herald Open Access Review; PMC11499218

⚠️ Red Flags and Contraindications You Must Know

Before we discuss frequency, you need to know when microneedling should be avoided entirely:

Absolute Contraindications:

  • Active acne breakouts or infection in treatment area

  • Rosacea or other inflammatory skin conditions

  • Active herpes simplex (cold sores)

  • Autoimmune conditions affecting skin healing

  • Anticoagulant therapy (warfarin, heparin)

  • History of keloid scarring

Warning Signs to Stop Treatment: 

🚩 Persistent erythema beyond 3-5 days
🚩 Delayed healing or skin barrier breakdown
🚩 Worsening texture or pigmentation
🚩 Recurrent infections or prolonged inflammation

If you experience any of these warning signs, you're likely treating too frequently or too aggressively. The solution isn't pushing through - it's stepping back and allowing proper recovery.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

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Understanding the Frequency Framework: What Actually Determines Treatment Intervals

Here's the reality that device marketing won't tell you: microneedling frequency depends on biology, not product branding. Four key factors determine how often you can safely treat:

Safe Frequency Depends On:

├── Needle Depth (0.25mm vs 1.5mm = vastly different recovery)

├── Treatment Area (facial skin vs body skin healing rates)

├── Treatment Indication (wrinkles vs deep scars)

└── Device Type (clinical-grade vs home devices)

The Core Scientific Principle
Your skin requires complete epidermal and dermal recovery before re-injury. Collagen remodeling continues for weeks to months, not days. When you microneedle too frequently, you create chronic inflammation rather than productive healing. This can lead to:

  • Impaired barrier function and persistent sensitivity

  • Paradoxical worsening of texture

  • Prolonged erythema and post-inflammatory changes

  • Reduced treatment efficacy over time

Think of it like strength training - muscle growth happens during rest periods, not during the workout itself. The same principle applies to dermal remodeling after microneedling.

Sources: StatPearls (NBK459344); PMC11499218

How Often Should You Microneedle Your Skin General

The general recommendation from clinical literature is this: allow 4-6 weeks between professional microneedling sessions at therapeutic depths (0.5mm-2.0mm).

How many time should you microneedle in a year

This interval isn't arbitrary - it's based on the time required for:

  • Complete re-epithelialization (skin barrier restoration)

  • Resolution of inflammation

  • Adequate collagen synthesis and remodeling

Most clinical protocols follow a series approach: 3-6 treatments spaced 4-6 weeks apart, followed by a pause period of several months. Maintenance treatments, if needed, typically occur every 3-6 months rather than monthly.

The mistake many people make is confusing more frequent treatment with faster results. In reality, over-treatment during active remodeling phases can blunt your outcomes by preventing the maturation of newly synthesized collagen.

Sources: Herald Open Access Review; PMC11499218

How Many Times Should You Microneedle In A Year/ Month/Week

Timeframe

Depth Range

Evidence-Based Frequency

Rationale

Weekly

0.25mm only

Only if barrier intact

Minimal dermal penetration, primarily for product absorption

Every 2-4 weeks

0.5-1.0mm

Standard clinical interval

Allows full epidermal-dermal healing

Every 4-6 weeks

1.5-2.0mm

Deep therapeutic protocols

Required for complete collagen remodeling

Annually

Any depth

3-6 treatments per year

Cumulative series with rest periods

The Key Distinction:
Frequency is depth-dependent, not device-dependent. A 1.5mm treatment with a Dr Pen requires the same recovery time as a 1.5mm treatment with any other device - your skin doesn't care about the brand name.

Clinical protocols typically cluster treatments (monthly for 3-6 months), then pause for extended periods rather than maintaining continuous monthly treatments indefinitely.

Sources: Herald Open Access Review; PMC11499218

How Often Should You Microneedle With 0.25mm

Shallow microneedling at 0.25mm reaches only the upper epidermis and is primarily used to enhance topical product penetration rather than induce significant collagen production.

Safe Frequency: Every 3-7 days if skin barrier integrity is maintained

Key Limitations:

  • Minimal collagen induction occurs at this depth

  • Primary benefit is increased absorption of microneedling serums and actives

  • Can be performed more frequently only if no irritation, redness, or barrier dysfunction develops

At this depth, you're creating temporary channels without substantial dermal injury. However, even superficial needling can compromise your skin barrier if overdone, leading to chronic sensitivity and inflammation.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

How Often Should You Microneedle With 0.5mm

The 0.5mm depth penetrates into the superficial dermis, which means you're now triggering genuine collagen induction rather than just enhancing product delivery.

Safe Frequency: Every 2-4 weeks minimum

Why This Interval Matters:

  • Reaches papillary dermis where collagen synthesis begins

  • Requires full epidermal recovery and barrier restoration

  • Inflammation and growth factor release occur at this depth

Many home device users make the mistake of treating at 0.5mm weekly, thinking it's "gentle enough" for frequent use. This is where cumulative damage becomes a risk - you're repeatedly injuring tissue that hasn't finished healing from the previous session.

Sources: StatPearls (NBK459344); Herald Open Access Review

So How Often Should You Microneedle For Best Results?

Here's the truth that might surprise you: best results come from adequate spacing and limited treatment cycles, not aggressive frequency.

The optimal approach supported by clinical evidence:

For Initial Treatment Series:

→ 3-6 sessions at 4-6 week intervals
→ Rest period of 3-6 months
→ Reassess and repeat cycle if needed

For Maintenance:

→ Single treatments every 3-6 months
→ Only if continued improvement is documented

Why More Isn't Better: Collagen remodeling follows a predictable biological timeline. Treating before this cycle completes doesn't speed up results - it interrupts the process. Clinical studies show that patients who follow proper spacing achieve superior texture improvement and scar reduction compared to those who treat more aggressively.

The diminishing returns principle applies here: your skin's capacity to respond productively decreases with each successive treatment in a short timeframe.

Sources: PMC11499218; Herald Open Access Review

How Often Should You Microneedle Face

Facial skin has unique characteristics that influence treatment frequency:

Advantages:

  • Higher vascularity = faster healing than body areas

  • Thinner dermis = more responsive to treatment

Disadvantages:

  • Higher inflammation risk and visibility of side effects

  • Greater sensitivity to over-treatment

Recommended Frequency for Face:
Every 4-6 weeks for therapeutic depths (0.5mm+)

Clinical protocols for facial rejuvenation typically involve 3-4 sessions spaced monthly, rather than continuous ongoing treatment. The face heals faster than body areas, but conservative intervals remain essential to prevent chronic inflammation and texture changes.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

How many times should you microneedle in a year

How Often Should You Have Microneedling For Wrinkles

Wrinkle improvement through microneedling is tied directly to collagen remodeling, which operates on a slow biological timeline.

Clinical Evidence:
Studies demonstrate progressive improvement in fine lines and skin elasticity over 3-6 months following a series of treatments. The key word is progressive - results accumulate over time as new collagen matures.

Optimal Protocol for Wrinkles:

  • 3-6 treatments at 4-6 week intervals

  • Improvement continues for 3-6 months post-treatment

  • Over-treatment does not accelerate collagen synthesis

The mistake people make with wrinkles is expecting immediate results and then increasing frequency when they don't see instant change. Collagen synthesis simply doesn't work that way - it requires time for fibroblast activation, collagen deposition, and tissue remodeling.

Sources: PubMed 28796657; PMC11499218

How Often Should You Microneedle Eyebrows Or Undereyes

These areas require special consideration due to their anatomical characteristics:

Risk Factors:

  • Extremely thin skin with minimal subcutaneous fat

  • High visibility of edema and post-inflammatory changes

  • Low margin for error with depth control

Recommended Frequency:
Every 6-8 weeks minimum, with conservative depth (maximum 0.5mm)

The periorbital and brow areas are particularly prone to prolonged erythema, hyperpigmentation, and visible textural changes if treated too aggressively or frequently. Many practitioners avoid microneedling these areas altogether due to unpredictable healing responses.

If you're treating these areas at home, err on the side of extreme caution - the risks significantly outweigh the potential benefits when compared to safer treatment zones like the cheeks or forehead.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

How Often Should You Microneedle Acne Scars

Acne scar treatment represents one of the strongest evidence-supported indications for microneedling, with clinical studies demonstrating measurable improvements in scar depth and skin texture.

The Science:
Atrophic acne scars require collagen remodeling in the dermis beneath the depressed areas. This is a cumulative process - each treatment session contributes to gradual improvement, but only when adequate healing time is allowed.

Optimal Scar Treatment Protocol:

  • 4-6 sessions spaced 4-6 weeks apart

  • Improvement typically becomes visible after 2-3 sessions

  • Continued benefit for 6-12 months post-treatment series

Critical Point:
Cumulative benefit only occurs when healing is complete between sessions. Treating scars more frequently doesn't fill them faster - it just creates inflammation without productive remodeling.

Clinical data shows that patients following proper spacing achieve 50-75% improvement in scar appearance, while those who over-treat often see minimal benefit or worsening texture.

Sources: PubMed 28796657; PMC11499218

How Often Should You Microneedle Stretch Marks

Body areas like the abdomen have distinct healing characteristics compared to facial skin:

Key Differences:

  • Thicker dermis = slower healing and collagen turnover

  • Lower vascularity = extended recovery periods

  • Larger treatment areas = more cumulative trauma

Recommended Frequency for Body:
Every 6-8 weeks minimum for therapeutic depths

For stretch marks specifically, clinical evidence shows partial improvement rather than complete elimination. Striae distensae (stretch marks) represent actual dermal scarring with disrupted collagen architecture. Microneedling can improve texture and color, but realistic expectations are essential.

Treatment protocols for body areas require longer intervals than facial protocols, with 4-6 sessions typically needed to see measurable improvement in stretch mark appearance.

Source: Herald Open Access Review

How Often Should You Microneedle At Home

Home microneedling devices have democratized the treatment, but they also introduce significant risks when used improperly.

The Reality Check:

Factor

Professional

Home Device

Maximum Safe Depth

2.0-3.0mm

0.5-1.0mm

Sterility Standards

Single-use or clinical sterilization

User-dependent cleaning

Skin Assessment

Trained evaluation

Self-assessment

Infection Risk

Minimized

Significantly higher

Home Device Frequency:
Maximum once every 4 weeks for depths above 0.5mm

The greatest risk with home devices isn't the technology itself - it's the tendency to treat too frequently. Without clinical oversight, users often follow aggressive schedules based on marketing claims rather than biological healing timelines.

Critical Safety Points:

  • Never share devices between individuals

  • Replace cartridges according to manufacturer specifications

  • Stop immediately if unusual irritation or delayed healing occurs

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

Professional vs Home Microneedling: What You Need to Know

Aspect

Professional Treatment

Home Device

Depth Range

0.5-3.0mm (condition-dependent)

0.25-1.0mm recommended maximum

Sterility

Clinical-grade sterilization or single-use

Dependent on user cleaning protocols

Training

Licensed aesthetician or dermatologist

Self-taught via online resources

Assessment

Professional skin evaluation pre-treatment

Self-assessment of skin condition

Complication Management

Immediate clinical intervention

Delayed recognition and treatment

Frequency Safety

Monitored and adjusted per response

User discretion (high risk of over-treatment)

How Often Should You Microneedle With Qure

Qure microneedling pens are popular home-use devices that typically offer adjustable needle depths ranging from 0.25mm to 2.0mm, but like many consumer microneedling tools, Qure's marketing materials often suggest treatment frequencies that don't always align with clinical best practices - and here's the biological truth that matters most: your skin doesn't recognize brand names, meaning whether you're using a Qure, Dermapen, Dr Pen, or any other motorized microneedling device, the determining factor for safe frequency is always the same fundamental principle of needle depth and your skin's biological recovery timeline. 

What actually matters when microneedling with a Qure device are depth-based frequency guidelines: 0.25mm setting every 3-7 days (if no irritation), 0.5mm setting every 2-4 weeks minimum, and 1.0mm+ settings every 4-6 weeks minimum, because the Qure device uses the same fundamental mechanism as clinical-grade devices - motorized vertical needling that creates microchannels in your skin - and the healing process triggered by these channels follows universal biological laws where a 1.0mm channel created by a Qure pen requires the same 4-6 week recovery period as a 1.0mm channel created by a $2,000 professional device. 

The common Qure marketing pitfall is that some promotional materials suggest weekly treatments for anti-aging or scar improvement, typically assuming you're using the shallowest settings (0.25mm) which provides minimal collagen induction, so if you're using deeper settings weekly based on marketing suggestions, you're likely over-treating and risking chronic inflammation. 

The smart Qure protocol involves starting conservative with 0.5mm maximum for your first 3 treatments, spacing treatments 4 weeks apart initially, assessing your skin's response (redness duration, texture changes), adjusting frequency based on healing rather than desire for faster results, and never increasing depth and frequency simultaneously - and here's a critical red flag warning for Qure users: if your device came with serum bundles or subscription plans that require weekly use, be skeptical, because this business model profits from consumable sales rather than optimal skin outcomes, and your skin's biology should dictate frequency, not product inventory management. 

The bottom line is simple: treat your Qure device like any other microneedling tool, respect the depth settings, allow proper healing time, and ignore any marketing that suggests device technology somehow accelerates your skin's natural wound healing timeline, because biology always wins.

How Often Should You Microneedle With Dr Pen

Here's an important truth: devices don't change biology.

Whether you're using a Qure, Dr Pen, Dermapen, or any other branded device, the determining factors for frequency remain identical:

  • Needle depth penetration

  • Your skin's recovery capacity

  • The biological timeline of wound healing

Avoid Marketing-Driven Schedules:
Device manufacturers often suggest aggressive treatment frequencies to increase cartridge or serum sales. These recommendations rarely align with clinical evidence for safe, effective protocols.

The needle depth and your skin's healing response dictate frequency - not the device brand name. A 1.5mm treatment requires 4-6 weeks recovery whether it's performed with a $50 device or a $500 device.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

How Often Should You Microneedle With Exosomes

Exosome therapy combined with microneedling represents emerging research with promising early results.

What We Know:

  • Microneedling enhances dermal delivery of topically applied exosomes

  • Early studies suggest improved wound healing and tissue regeneration

Evidence Boundary:
While initial clinical reports are encouraging, there is not yet consensus on ideal treatment intervals when combining microneedling with exosome application. Conservative practitioners follow standard microneedling frequency guidelines (4-6 weeks) regardless of adjunct therapies.

Source: Nature Scientific Reports 2025 (s41598-025-02545-3)

How Often Should You Microneedle With Minoxidil

Combining microneedling with minoxidil has shown promise specifically for androgenetic alopecia (pattern hair loss), with evidence suggesting enhanced drug penetration into the scalp.

Clinical Protocol:

  • Weekly to bi-weekly shallow microneedling (0.5-1.0mm)

  • Minoxidil application post-treatment

  • Primarily studied in scalp, not facial applications

Frequency Caution:
The enhanced penetration that makes this combination effective also increases irritation risk. Frequency must balance improved delivery with barrier tolerance - daily microneedling with minoxidil is not supported and risks chemical irritation.

Data focuses primarily on scalp treatment rather than facial use, and protocols typically involve professional oversight rather than home application.

Source: PMC11499218

Healing Time and Why Frequency Depends on Recovery

Understanding the wound healing timeline explains why you cannot rush microneedling frequency:

Phase 1: Inflammatory (Days 1-3)

  • Immediate platelet activation and clotting

  • Release of growth factors and cytokines

  • Visible redness and sensitivity

Phase 2: Proliferative (Days 3-14)

  • Fibroblast activation and migration

  • New collagen and extracellular matrix synthesis

  • Re-epithelialization and barrier restoration

Phase 3: Remodeling (Weeks 2-12+)

  • Collagen maturation and organization

  • Tissue strength restoration

  • Continued improvement in texture

The Critical Point:
If you microneedle again during the remodeling phase, you interrupt the maturation of newly synthesized collagen. This doesn't create more collagen - it disrupts the organization of existing collagen, potentially leading to worse outcomes than no treatment at all.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

Microneedling Aftercare and Post-Treatment Care That Influences Outcomes

Proper aftercare directly impacts both your results and your safe treatment frequency:

Essential Aftercare Protocol:

🛡️ Barrier Repair (Days 1-7)

  • Gentle, fragrance-free cleansers

  • Hydrating, non-comedogenic moisturizers

  • Avoid harsh actives (retinoids, acids, vitamin C)

☀️ Sun Protection (Critical for 4-6 weeks)

  • Broad-spectrum SPF 30+ daily

  • Physical barriers (hats) when possible

  • Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation risk is highest during healing

💧 Hydration and Support

  • Hyaluronic acid for moisture retention

  • Growth factor or exosome serums (if using adjunct therapies)

  • Avoid makeup for 24-48 hours

🚫 Infection Prevention

  • Never touch healing skin with unwashed hands

  • Avoid gyms, pools, and saunas for 48-72 hours

  • Watch for signs of infection (increasing redness, warmth, purulent drainage)

Poor aftercare doesn't just compromise your current results - it extends healing time, which should increase the interval before your next treatment.

Source: StatPearls Microneedling (NBK459344)

Does Doing Microneedling More Often Improve Results or Make Skin Worse?

This is where clinical evidence diverges sharply from marketing claims.

Potential Benefits of Proper Frequency:

✓ Controlled cumulative collagen induction
✓ Progressive improvement over treatment series
✓ Predictable, sustainable results

Risks of Over-Treatment:

✗ Chronic inflammation and persistent erythema
✗ Barrier dysfunction and increased sensitivity
✗ Paradoxical texture worsening
✗ Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation
✗ Reduced treatment efficacy over time

Clinical observations show that patients who exceed recommended frequency often experience a "diminishing returns" phenomenon - each subsequent treatment produces less improvement while side effects increase.

The skin has a finite capacity to respond productively to controlled injury. Exceeding this capacity shifts the balance from regeneration to chronic damage.

Sources: PMC11499218; Herald Open Access Review

What Is Realistic vs Unrealistic to Expect

Realistic Outcomes from Proper Protocol: 

✅ Gradual texture improvement (20-30% over treatment series)
✅ Partial scar softening and reduced depth
✅ Enhanced skin firmness and elasticity
✅ Improved product penetration

Unrealistic Expectations: 

❌ Instant collagen production or immediate results
❌ Complete scar elimination or "pore erasure"
❌ Unlimited frequency without consequences
❌ Results equivalent to invasive procedures

The most satisfied patients are those who understand that microneedling produces gradual, cumulative improvement - not dramatic transformation. Setting proper expectations prevents the over-treatment impulse when immediate results don't materialize.

Source: PubMed 28796657

FAQ

How often should you get microneedling treatments?

Clinical evidence supports spacing professional treatments 4-6 weeks apart to allow complete dermal recovery and collagen remodeling. A typical series involves 3-6 sessions followed by extended rest periods. More frequent treatments do not accelerate results and increase complication risk.

Does microneedling hurt?

Discomfort varies by depth and individual pain tolerance. Shallow treatments (0.25-0.5mm) typically cause mild prickling sensation, while deeper therapeutic treatments (1.5mm+) can be moderately uncomfortable. Professional treatments often use topical numbing cream to minimize discomfort during the procedure.

How long do microneedling results last?

Results typically last 6-12 months as newly synthesized collagen gradually degrades through natural aging processes. Maintenance treatments every 3-6 months can help sustain improvements, but collagen production is not permanent - ongoing aging continues regardless of treatment.

Can you microneedle too deep?

Yes. Excessive depth can cause scarring, prolonged inflammation, and damage to underlying structures. Home devices should never exceed 1.0mm depth, and even professional treatments rarely exceed 2.5mm except for specific scar revision protocols under dermatologist supervision.

How often can I do light microneedling?

Very superficial microneedling (0.25mm) can be performed every 3-7 days if skin barrier function remains intact and no irritation develops. However, this depth provides minimal collagen induction - benefits are primarily limited to enhanced product absorption.

Can you do too much microneedling?

Absolutely. Excessive frequency causes chronic inflammation, impaired healing, barrier dysfunction, and paradoxically worsened skin texture. The skin requires complete recovery between treatments - more sessions does not equal better results.

How soon can you microneedle again?

Wait until visible healing is complete and barrier function is restored - typically 4-6 weeks for therapeutic depths (0.5mm+). Treating before this recovery phase may reduce effectiveness and increase adverse effects including prolonged redness and sensitivity.

🔗 References

  1. Iriarte C, Awosika O, Rengifo-Pardo M, Ehrlich A. Review of applications of microneedling in dermatology. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:289-298. PubMed PMID: 28796657.

  2. Alster TS, Graham PM. Microneedling: A Review and Practical Guide. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024. NBK459344.

  3. Han J, Kim YJ, Kang YJ, et al. Exosome-mediated skin regeneration and rejuvenation: advances and clinical applications. Sci Rep. 2025;15:2545. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02545-3

  4. Singh A, Yadav S. Microneedling for Medical and Aesthetic Purposes: Current Indications and New Advances. Herald Open Access. 2024.

  5. Farid K, Elgarhy LH, Elbendary A. Microneedling in dermatology: mechanisms, applications, and clinical outcomes. PMC. 2024;PMC11499218.

Table of Contents
Updated February 08, 2026
Author

Sarah Mitchell

Sarah Mitchell specializes in evidence-based aesthetic medicine writing, focusing on regenerative treatments and clinical dermatology research. She translates complex scientific studies into actionable insights, helping readers navigate advanced skincare procedures with balanced, research-driven guidance.

Disclaimer

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a board-certified dermatologist before starting any new skincare treatment, especially if you have pre-existing skin conditions or are pregnant/nursing.